Plurals signify that there is more than one of something. Most words in the English language are made plural by simply adding -s to the end of the word. For example, boy becomes boys, kitten becomes kittens, and so on.
So far, so good. The problem comes for words that do not form their plurals in this simple manner. Here are some rules that can help you correctly form plurals for some of these words.
To form the plural of a word that ends with a consonant followed by -y, change the -y to i, and add -es.
city - cities lady - ladies candy - candies
However, to form the plural of a word that ends with a vowel followed by -y, simply add -s.
turkey - turkeys donkey - donkeys valley - valleys- To form the plural of most words that end with -f or -fe, simply add -s.
chief - chiefs safe - safes gulf - gulfs
However, in some cases, the plural is formed by changing the -f to v, and adding -es.
wife - wives leaf - leaves knife - knives - For most words that end with -o preceded by a consonant, the plural is formed by adding -es.
potato - potatoes hero - heroes echo - echoes
When -o is preceded by a vowel, the plural is formed by simply adding -s.
video - videos patio - patios studio - studios - For compound words that are not hyphenated or separated by spaces, the plural is formed by adding -s or -es.
checkbook - checkbooks sandbox - sandboxes windmill - windmills
However, when a compound word is hyphenated or separated by spaces, -s or -es is added to the word that is to be pluralized. The word to be pluralized is the main word in the compound word.
mother-in-law - mothers-in-law poet laureate - poets laureate
If you can’t identify a main word to be made plural, simply add -s or -es.
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