New research suggests the time individuals take to reread or review their notes would be better spent self-testing to achieve better learning.
“We continue to show that practicing retrieval, or testing yourself, is a powerful, robust tool for learning,” said Dr. Jeffrey D. Karpicke, an assistant professor of psychological sciences at Purdue University.
“Educators, researchers and students are often focused on getting things ‘in memory,’ so techniques that encourage students to elaborate on the material are often popular. But learning is fundamentally about retrieving, and our research shows that practicing retrieval while you study is crucial to learning.”
Karpicke said self-testing enriches and improves the learning process, and he believes there needs to be more focus on using retrieval as a learning strategy. He also found that most students are not good at judging the success of their study habits.
“When students have the material right in front of them, they think they know it better than they actually do,” he said.
“Many students do not realize that putting the material away and practicing retrieval is such a potent study strategy.”
Karpicke’s findings appear in this issue of the journal Science, and the National Science Foundation supports his work.
In two studies, a total of 200 students studied texts on topics from different science disciplines. One group engaged in elaborative studying by creating concept maps – diagrams that illustrate the complicated connections and relationships in the material.
The second group read the texts and then practiced retrieval; these students put the material away and practiced recalling the concepts from the text. The students returned to the lab a week later for the actual assessment of long-term learning.
The group that studied by practicing retrieval showed a 50 percent improvement in long-term retention scores above and beyond the group that studied by creating concept maps.
“The final retention test was one of the most important features of our study because we asked questions that tapped into meaningful learning,” he said.
“The students answered questions about the specific concepts they learned as well as inference questions asking them to draw connections between things that weren’t explicitly stated in the material.
“On both measures of meaningful learning, practicing retrieval continued to produce better learning than elaborative studying.”
The students also were asked to predict which technique – practicing retrieval or elaborative studying – would be best for their long-term learning.
While the majority thought that elaborative studying with concept mapping would be best, the students actually learned more by practicing retrieval.
“Students do not always know what methods will produce the best learning,” he said.
“It may be surprising to realize that there is such a disconnect between what students think will afford good learning and what is actually best. We as educators need to keep this in mind as we create learning tools and evaluate educational practices.
Sequential learners understand new information in linear steps where each step follows logically from the previous one.
Global learners tend to learn in large jumps by absorbing material in a random order without necessarily seeing any connections until they have grasped the whole concept.
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